Technoscience Journal for Community Development in Africa
Technoscience Journal for Community Development in Africa is a peer-reviewed, biannual journal jointly published by the Faculties of Agriculture, Engineering and Technology, Pure and Applied Sciences, and Information and Communication Technology at Kwara State University. The journal publishes original and scientific problem-oriented collaborative research in Science and Engineering aimed towards community development in any part of Africa. ISSN 2659-0573
Screening of repurposable natural products database to identify potent small-molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
Interaction between the RNA binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S-protein) and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been implicated in the viral entry into host cells. S-protein has become an essential constituent of the currently approved vaccines. S-protein may be inhibited by antibodies and peptides, but the inhibitions are usually characterised by instability and membrane impermeability. Hence, it is imperative to search for stable inhibitors. In this study, 2826 FDA-approved natural small-molecule drugs were screened against the pre-fusion SARS-CoV-2 S-protein (PDB 6VSB) using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Notably, lonafarnib, (-)-epicatechin gallate, melibiose, lactitol monohydrate and maltitol, showed strong binding interactions with the RBD of S-protein, with extra precision (XP) docking scores of -12.17, -11.67, -11.66, -11.30 and -10.74 kcal/mol respectively. It was referenced against remdesivir and ribavirin with XP docking scores of -9.10 and -6.05 kcal/mol respectively. Consistently, their respective molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area continuum solvation MMGB(SA) binding free energies, -18.48, -48.13, -30.01, -37.27 and -15.31 kcal/mol support their higher inhibitory potentials compared to the two references. They interacted with active site residues that are pharmacologically essential for blocking the S-protein-ACE2 that is responsible for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, and displayed thermodynamic stability. The drugs showed promising potential as repurposable anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates and therefore recommended for clinical studies
Copyright (c) 2026 Technoscience Journal for Community Development in Africa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optical, morphological, and structural properties of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles as a promising nanomaterial for integration in solar cells
The sustainable development of nanotechnology has led to extensive research into low-cost, eco-friendly, and non-toxic materials to maximize the efficiency of existing devices and enable the large-scale production of devices in areas such as energy conversion, electronics, and optoelectronics. Research on biosynthesis of nanoparticles remains an inexhaustible field. This paper presents an evaluation of extract as capping and reducing agent to produce zinc oxide nanoparticle for integration in solar cells. The role of extract of Moringa oleifera was assessed and presented. Analyses of zinc oxide nanoparticles’ structural, optical, surface morphological, elemental composition, and chemical bond properties were conducted. The SEM analysis indicate a spherical, nanosized grain morphology with a diameter of 36.25 nm. The XRD analysis yielded an average crystallite size diameter of approximately 36.28 nm. XRD result revealed the wurtzite hexagonal nature of ZnO and showed that temperature annealing affects crystallite grain size. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Optical spectroscopic analysis showed that ZnO nanoparticles properties were influenced by temperature annealing. The band gap varies from 1.1 eV to 1.22 eV, which decreases with increase in annealing temperature. The results demonstrated the possibility of production of ZnO nanoparticles at low cost using plant extract, and that thermal annealing is a means of tunning ZnO nanoparticles properties. The potential embedded in these results suggest ZnO nanoparticles as a promising suitable nanomaterial for solar cell photo-anodes.
Hybrid Framework for Software Change Impact Analysis Using Data-Flow Analysis and Optimised Latent Dirichlet Allocation
Software systems continually evolve, making change management a vital yet costly part of software lifecycle processes. Change Impact Analysis (CIA) is essential to foresee the effects of modifications, minimizing unintended side effects and managing ripple impacts. Existing CIA techniques, however, often struggle to balance precision and recall, impacting their effectiveness. Many rely exclusively on either structured or unstructured source code data, missing out on insights offered by the other, which limits impact prediction accuracy. To address this, a hybrid framework for static source code CIA has been proposed, combining analyses of both structured and unstructured code information at the method level. This framework employs data-flow analysis for structured data and an optimized Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model for unstructured data. The LDA hyperparameters are fine-tuned using a differential evolution algorithm to approach optimal settings. The resulting impact sets from both analyses are merged through a union operation to capture comprehensive change effects. Experimental evaluation on three open-source Java projects demonstrated that this hybrid approach doubled the performance compared to using structural analysis alone, while preserving comparable precision and recall. Consequently, this framework offers the potential to reduce maintenance costs and optimize resource allocation. Future work may explore alternative LDA variants and optimization techniques to further enhance CIA accuracy.
Corrosion Performance Evaluation of Bi-layered Zn/Zn-ZnO-CaCO3 Composite Coatings on Mild Steel under Marine Conditions
Mild steel, widely used in marine structural applications is highly susceptible to corrosion and biofouling. In this study, nano-CaCO₃ particles synthesized from periwinkle shells (PS) and eggshells (ES) were incorporated into a-Zn/Zn-ZnO matrix via electrolytic co-deposition to develop functionally graded coatings on mild steel. PS and ES CaCO₃ nano particles were incorporated into the bath in varying mass ratios from 0 to 4.56 g. The co-deposition process of Zn-ZnO-CaCO₃ composite coatings on zinc-coated mild steel was optimized using a central composite design of experiments (DoE) framework, targeting uniform coating thickness and nanoparticle dispersion. Electrochemical corrosion tests were performed on single-layer Zn-coated, uncoated and bi-layered Zn/Zn-ZnO-CaCO₃ composite coated mild steel in seawater marine environment. Polarization resistance of single-layer zinc coatings was assessed by Tafel analysis using potentiodynamic polarization. Electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) was employed to determine instantaneous corrosion rates, polarization resistance and validate corrosion protection efficiency of the bi-layered Zn/Zn-ZnO-CaCO₃ composite coatings on mild steel. The bi-layered Zn/Zn-ZnO-CaCO₃ composite coating with ES-derived CaCO₃ (4.56 g) exhibited superior corrosion performance, with an average corrosion rate (CR) of 0.007 mm/year, corresponding to 93.15 % coating efficiency; and average polarization resistance (Rp) of 59,260.17 Ω.cm2, yielding 98.15% improvement in Rp over the uncoated mild steel. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) examinations confirmed dense coating morphology and presence of zinc (Zn), oxygen (O), and calcium (Ca) in the coatings. The Zn underlayer provided sacrificial anodic protection, while the Zn-ZnO–CaCO₃ composite bi-layer served as physical barrier and bioactive interface. These results demonstrate that CaCO₃-modified Zn-ZnO coatings offer enhanced dual protection against electrochemical and microbial corrosion in marine environments.
A stack ensemble approach to intrusion detection based on decision tree and bayesian network algorithms
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of intrusion detection methodologies and proposes a hybrid classification algorithm utilizing an ensemble approach (stacking) that incorporates decision tree (J48) and Bayesian network as foundational classifiers, with a functional tree algorithm serving as the meta-learner. In recent years, numerous research initiatives have endeavored to apply data mining techniques to intrusion detection systems utilizing various classification algorithms. While many of these methods have achieved commendable detection rates and accuracy, they often grapple with a high false alarm rate, primarily due to the misclassification of normal traffic as attacks. Consequently, the field of intrusion detection system (IDS) research necessitates a greater focus not only on detection rates and accuracy but also on reducing false alarm rates to accurately discern intrusions. The proposed approach begins by processing the dataset through the decision tree, which generates node information. This information is generated based on the rules established by the decision tree and, when combined with the original attribute set, is then fed into the Bayesian network to yield the final classification outcome. The central premise of this study is to evaluate whether the node information derived from the decision tree enhances the performance of the Bayesian network. A performance evaluation was conducted utilizing a 10-fold cross-validation technique on the individual classifiers (Decision Tree and Bayesian Network) and the proposed hybrid classifier (DT-BN) on the KDD Cup 1999 dataset, analyzed using the WEKA tool. Experimental findings indicate that the hybrid classifier (DT-BN) outperforms its individual counterparts, achieving an accuracy of 100% for Normal traffic, 86.54% for User to Root (U2R), 99% for Denial of Service (DOS), 99.50% for Probing, and 98.76% for Remote to Local (R2L) attacks, thus demonstrating superior accuracy and efficiency
Media content analysis of the news of the establishment of the ministry of livestock development in selected Nigerian newspapers
A media content analysis of news published between July 10 and October 31, 2024, was carried out following the official announcement of the creation of the Federal Ministry of Livestock Development (FMLD) by the President. The study assessed the frequency of reportage, article types, prominence, tone, and space allotment accorded to the establishment of the Ministry in the selected newspapers. Thirty-seven editions of the selected newspapers were used. Findings reveal that Guardian (32.4%) and Punch (29.7%) recorded the highest frequency of reportage. Types of articles were dominated by straight news reports (37.8%) and editorials (18.9%). Placement of the articles was mostly on inner pages (70.3%), while the tone of reportage was predominantly neutral (40.5%). Space allotment across all selected newspapers during the period was 17,890.33cm2 in total. There was no significant difference in the amount of space allocated to news on the establishment of the Ministry across the selected newspapers (p = 0.413). Newspaper coverage of the establishment of the FMLD was characterized by low frequency, dominance of straight news formats, limited prominence, a predominantly neutral tone, and modest space allocation. Nigerian newspapers should accord greater prominence to agricultural development policies through increased analytical, feature, and development-oriented reporting.
Extraction methods significantly impact physicochemical, amino acid, phytochemical and textural properties of pumpkin seed protein concentrate in Nigeria
The increasing interest in sustainable plant-based proteins has driven research into underutilized seeds like pumpkin. This study investigated the physicochemical (colour), functional (bulk density, water and oil absorption capacities, swelling power), phytochemical, textural, and nutritional properties (amino acid) of defatted pumpkin seed protein concentrate obtained using precipitation (PM), solubilization (SM), and aqueous alcohol wash (AM) methods. Analysis were conducted using standard methods. Results showed that protein concentrate varied significantly with the extraction method. AM produced the lightest isolate (L* = 58.25) with reduced redness and yellowness, while PM exhibited superior functional attributes: bulk density 0.69 g/mL, water absorption 2.84 g/g, oil absorption 2.00 g/g, swelling power 4.50 g/g, and enhanced retention of flavonoids (5.15 mg/g), alkaloids (2.10 mg/g), saponins (3.50 mg/g), and tannins (2.85 mg/g). Textural analysis revealed higher hardness (7.20 N), chewiness (40.10 N-mm), and resilience (0.50) in PM. Amino acid profiles confirmed higher essential (leucine 7.03 g/100 g, lysine 6.00 g/100 g) and non-essential (glutamic acid 11.99 g/100 g) amino acids in PM. Thus, precipitation extraction yielded protein concentrate with superior functional, textural, and nutritional qualities, highlighting its potential for use in fortified and functional foods.
Effects of land-use types on ant assemblage at Kwara State University Campus: A guinea savanna region of Nigeria
Ants are abundant and can be sampled easily, thereby respond to environmental changes at small spatial scales. The key functions of ants as bioindicators in the environment have promoted the classification of ants into different functional groups. Three quantitative sampling methods were employed in three land-use types: disturbed, undisturbed, and cultivated land-use types, on the Kwara State University Campus, Malete, Nigeria. We analyzed the taxonomic, species, and functional group diversity of ants encountered. A total of 1,075 ant occurrences belonging to 40 species, 20 genera and 5 subfamilies were recorded during the rainy and dry seasons. Disturbed land had the highest species richness and abundance, followed by undisturbed land and then cultivated land. Manual ant search yielded the highest richness, followed by pitfall and then baiting methods. A statistical analysis revealed that mean species richness varied significantly across the land-use types during the rainy season but no significant differences during the dry season. Similarly, six of the functional groups were encountered, of which Generalized Myrmicinae was the most frequent in disturbed land-use while Subdominant Camponotini was the most frequent in undisturbed and cultivated land-use types. Ants are confirmed as useful bioindicators for proper management of the environment and human impacts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Technoscience Journal for Community Development in Africa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Building a Yoruba text-to-speech engine for automatic reading machines: A concatenative approach
This research develops a concatenative Text-to-Speech (TTS) system for automatic reading machines (ARMs). TTS system is a major component of an ARM that converts written text to synthetic speech. Corpus concatenation has been the most effective and widely used TTS approach as it is the most efficient in the production of natural and intelligible speech for application in reading aids for the visually impaired, persons with dyslexia, and language learning tools. The abysmal performance of existing TTS in the Yoruba language has resulted in challenges Yoruba speakers face in accessing digital content. This study developed a comprehensive Yoruba speech corpus and implement a concatenative text-to-speech framework, incorporating a Yoruba optical character recognition (YOCR) system, Unicode mapping, syllable segmentation, and speech quality optimization using windowing and pre-emphasis filtering. The developed system achieved Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) of 4.86 for two syllable words, 4.67 for five-syllable words and at least 4.37 for sentences. The Mel Cepstral Distortion (MCD) metrics showed a maximum mean of 1.58 for concatenated words. The system evaluation using MOS and MCD metrics demonstrates its potential for integration into ARMs and improving digital content accessibility for Yoruba speakers.
Deformation and material removal mechanisms of nanometric cutting of silicon at different depths of cuts using molecular dynamics simulation
ABSTRACT The diamond tool with a rake angle of zero has been rarely studied, and the cutting mechanism in ultraprecision machining of brittle materials, such as silicon, is not well understood due to the varying cutting parameters involved. The use of this tool was investigated through molecular dynamics simulation to examine the material removal mechanisms in silicon nanometric cutting at different depths of cut. Simulations were performed using the large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator with the Tersoff potential function Mechanisms of chip formation and material removal were analysed at three different depths of cut (2 nm, 3 nm, and 4 nm). The study reveals that the structural and phase transformations in silicon are caused by high-pressure phase changes and dislocation activity leading to chip formation and material removal. Machining at a lower depth of cut results in a machined surface with less subsurface damage. For all depths of cut, the material removal mechanisms operate in a ductile mode, except at 4 nm, where a combination of ductile and brittle (cleavage) modes is observed on the machined surface. To ensure a ductile machining mode with this tool geometry, the depth of cut should be significantly smaller than the cutting-edge radius of the diamond tool to achieve a high-quality surface finish.
Fracture toughness, flexural, and compressive properties of Delonix regia pod-eggshell particle reinforced virgin low-density polyethylene nanocomposites
The valorisation of environmental and agricultural wastes for the development of smart and hygienic cities has attracted increasing research attention. This study investigated the production of biocomposites using virgin low-density polyethylene as a matrix reinforced with eggshell, Delonix regia pod and their hybrid particles. The developed composites were evaluated structurally and mechanically. Results obtained reveal an interaction between the low-density polyethylene molecules and reinforcement particles causing formation of new compounds as confirmed by the X-ray diffraction analysis. Enhancements in the fracture toughness, flexural and compressive properties are attributed to the detected new compounds that improve the load bearing capacity of the composites. However, maximum fracture toughness and flexural strength were noted at 4% eggshell particle additions to the low-density polyethylene while the maximum compressive strength was affirmed at 2% eggshell particle addition. The developed materials have a potential application in engineering structures and biomedicine for bone replacement when the obtained properties are compared with properties of materials currently used in the identified areas.
Review of the use of clay-based composites for water filtration application in rural areas
A safe water source is one that is available, accessible, and provides water of acceptable quality, free from microbial and chemical contaminations. However, millions living in rural areas have no access to safe water. About 60 percent of Nigerians live in rural areas and have a larger share of inadequate supply of safe drinking water. Consumption of contaminated water leads to highly contagious disease infections and can lead to loss of lives or reduction in life expectancy. Clay-based Composite Water Filter (CCWF) treats water and makes it safe for consumption. They are made from a mixture of clay and carbonaceous material. The principle underlying this water treatment method is that the carbonaceous material is burned off during firing, leaving pores that are large enough to allow water to pass through but small enough to trap bacteria and other water contaminants, such as dissolved solids, and in some cases virus. This review summarizes published works on the parameters (filter materials, firing temperature, shape of the filter, etc.) that influence the performance of CCWF and the corresponding results of these parameters. This is to enable producers of CCWF make informed decisions.
Effect of hot water treatment on some post-harvest qualities of stored sweet potato tuber
Postharvest losses constitute a major problem for sweet potato tuber production worldwide. The losses are often initiated by pathogen infection causing sprouting and rotting during storage. Sweet potato tuber sprouting and rotting causes loss of weight, firmness and undesirable appearance, affecting market value. Hot water treatment (HWT) can potentially preserve sweet potato tuber. The current study investigated the effect of hot water treatment on some post harvest quality of stored sweet potato tuber. The qualities studied included weight loss, thickness, firmness and appearance using standard methods. All samples were treated in HWT (50oC) for 10-, 15- and 20-minutes’immersion, and stored at a room temperature of 27 ± 2oC for 4 weeks. The results showed that all the treatment times (10, 15 and 20 minutes) had significant effects (p < 0.05) on the quality of stored sweet potato tubers. Application of HWT for 10 minutes maintained tuber qualities- weight loss, thickness and firmness (p < 0.05), and resulted in the best appearance. It is showed that HWT at 500C for 10 minutes’ had great potential in extending the shelf-life and preserving the post harvest qualities of sweet potato tuber
Survey of medicinal plants used for treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and boils in Moro local government area of Kwara State
Inflammation is one of the common symptoms associated with many diseases affecting people worldwide. Plants remain important sources of first-aids and herbal treatments for disease management, particularly among rural population. This study aimed to document medicinal plants used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatism, arthritis and boils, in Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State. A survey was conducted among residents of six villages: Oloru, Elemere, Gbugudu, Asomu, Malete and Oloko Tuntun to identify the medicinal used for these conditions. Semi structured questionnaire was used to collect information from respondents. Data were obtained from sixty-six (66) respondents. Thirty-eight (38) recipes were documented for rheumatism, twenty-four (24) for arthritis and four (4) for boils, involving a total of fifty-nine (59) plants species belonging to forty (40) families. The Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae and Apocynaceae families were the most represented, while the most frequently utilized plant parts were leaves, followed by roots and stem barks. This survey serves as a compendium of medicinal plants used in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and boils in the six villages of Moro Local Government Area of Kwara State.
Amylase production by solid-state fermentation of corn (Zea mays) stem using fusarium and mucor
The study aimed at producing amylase from corn stem using Mucor and Fusarium in solid-state fermentation. The fungi used in this study was isolated from the rhizosphere of the corn plant. A solid-state technique was adopted for the fermentation process using spore suspension as inoculum. Various fermentation parameters, such as incubation days, addition of salt supplement, substrate concentration, mycelia suspension and temperature were optimized during fermentation with these organisms. Results show that both organisms produced the highest amount of amylase on day 3 at 28 ± 2°C. Mucor has the highest amylase activity of 12.54 μmol/mg/min when 25g of substrate was used while Fusarium has the highest amylase activity of 13.86 μmol/mg/min when 5g of substrate was used. The optimum temperature for amylase production was observed to be 40°C at pH 8.12 for Mucor, while Fusarium exhibited optimum activity at 20°C and pH 8.34. The study concluded that corn stems are a viable substrate for amylase production using rhizosphere-derived organisms under solid-state fermentation.
Perceived effects of banditry on the livelihoods of farmers in Borgu local government area of Niger state, Nigeria
This study examined the effects of banditry on the livelihoods of arable crop farmers in the Borgu Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria. A 3-stage sampling procedure was utilised to select 137 respondents for the study. The data was analysed with the use of frequency, percentage and mean. The result revealed that about 70.8 % of the farmers were male, the mean age was 46.2 years, the average income of the respondents was 4,171,544.12 Naira, and the mean farm size was 4.7 acres. The result showed that the main forms of banditry activities in the study area are kidnapping/abduction (92.7%) and raiding of markets (90.5%). The result revealed that the main perceived causes of banditry in the study area were conflicts over resources (93.4%), high rate of poverty (92.7%) and climate change (87.6%). The major effects of banditry on the Livelihoods are loss of other income-generating activities (mean=3.52) was the highest ranked financial outcome/effect, the delayed planting/harvesting (mean=3.59) was the highest ranked physical outcome/effect, inability to connect with extension agents/experts for crop production (mean=3.48) was the highest ranked social outcome/ effect, high rate of food insecurity among rural people (mean=3.42) was the highest ranked human outcome/effect and lack of access to a secure and safe area for crop production (mean=3.52) was the highest ranked natural outcome/effects. The study recommended that there is need for the provision of economic and humanitarian support for the farmers there were affected by banditry activities and there is need to protect the lives of farmers against the banditry activities.
Banditry, Poverty, Food insecurity, Arable Crop Farmers
The critical role of hyperparameter tuning in machine learning: Implications for reproducibility and model comparison
Despite being a fundamental aspect of machine learning model development, hyperparameter tuning remains underreported in the literature. This article highlights the importance of hyperparameter optimisation, outlines common hyperparameters across various algorithms, and discusses the consequences of inadequate hyperparameter documentation. We argue that the lack of transparency in hyperparameter settings impedes reproducibility, hinders fair model comparisons, and contributes to the hyperparameter deception. The importance of hyperparameter tuning in machine learning was demonstrated by comparing the performance of the decision tree, support vector machine and random forest models on Iris, Digits and Breast Cancer datasets using default and tuned hyperparameters. This further justifies the need to document and report the process and values of the hyperparameter settings used in the models. To facilitate this, an architecture that encourages the documentation of the hyperparameters has been proposed. By emphasising the need for comprehensive reporting, this study aims to raise awareness and encourage best practices in machine learning research.
Principal component analysis of cake’s physical, proximate and sensory attributes as influenced by wheat, malted and nixtamalized maize flour blends
Cakes are predominantly produced from wheat. Cake consumers continuously explore cheap and gluten-free alternatives for cake production. Malting and nixtamalization are processing methods that impart significant changes to the nutritional and functional characteristics of cereals. This study utilised Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to analyse the influence of maize malting and nixtamalization on the cake’s physical, proximate and sensory attributes. Cake samples were produced from wheat, malted, and nixtamalized maize flour blends. Standard methods determined the physical and proximate properties, while sensory attributes were ranked by panelists on a 9-point hedonic scale. The upper diameter, lower diameter, weight, height and volume for cake samples presented ranged as 4.62–5.86 cm, 2.09–2.88 cm, 43.65–45.67 g, 3.22–4.22 cm and 405.86–690.05 cm³, respectively. Proximate composition of cake samples determined were moisture (12.77-16.80%), fat (22.81–31.57%), protein (6.31–14.14%), crude fibre (0.25–0.86%), ash (0.76–1.12%), carbohydrate (36.91–52.58%) and energy (450.12–488.52 Kcal). Sensory parameters evaluated indicated no significant difference between cake samples from 100% wheat and those with the inclusion of nixtamalized maize. The PCA correlation loading established that cake samples made from 100% wheat flour and composite (50% wheat and 50% nixtamalized maize flour) correlated positively with all sensory parameters evaluated. Similarly, the PCA biplot indicated that cakes produced from malted maize-wheat-based composite were in the same quadrant as protein and ash content. Cake samples with acceptable physical, sensory attributes and improved nutritional composition could be produced using malted and nixtamalized maize flour.
Characterisation and classification of valley-bottom soils in Southwestern Nigeria: Implications for land degradation neutrality
Valley-bottom (hydromorphic) soils in southwestern Nigeria support vital ecosystem services but remain poorly characterised for sustainable use. This study examined nine pedons from three sites (Iwofin, Osuru, and Debjik) near Ogbomoso, Oyo State, to 1.5 m depth and analysed their morphological, physical, and chemical properties following FAO protocols. Soils were predominantly sandy (surface sand: 69.5 – 77.9 %), with bulk density 1.41 – 1.54 g cm⁻³ and porosity above 40 %, indicating minimal compaction. The soils were slightly acidic to near-neutral (pH 5.49 – 6.20), with low organic carbon (0.97 – 1.85 g kg⁻¹) and total nitrogen (0.11 – 0.20 g kg⁻¹). Available phosphorus and cation-exchange capacity were low to moderate, dominated by calcium. Principal component analysis identified organic carbon, clay, and available phosphorus as key fertility determinants. These results provide baseline data for land-use planning in Oyo State. Overall, low organic matter and nutrient reserves highlight the need for integrated soil fertility management (ISFM), organic-matter restoration, and conservation-based practices to enhance productivity and support Nigeria’s Land Degradation Neutrality targets.
Soil characterization and land suitability evaluation of Kwara state university teaching and research farm, Malete
Characterisation, classification, and land suitability analysis are fundamental to land potentials for agricultural purposes and management decisions, planning, and utilisation, providing a link between resource assessment and the decision-making process. This study was conducted to characterise and evaluate the land suitability for maize and soybean cultivation. Two soil profiles were dug based on topographical variations, and soil characterisation followed FAO guidelines. Soil samples were collected from genetic horizons for laboratory analyses. Surface samples (0–25 cm) were also collected across the sites. Morphological, physical and chemical properties were assessed using appropriate methods. The results revealed a textural variation from loam to sandy clay loam in Pedon 1, and sand to sandy clay loam in Pedon 2. Surface soil pH values ranged from 6.25 to 6.75, indicating a moderately acidic condition, favourable to most crops and soil microorganisms. However, the soils exhibited low levels of available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), while climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature and humidity were not limiting. Also, no land unit was classified as highly suitable (S1) for maize or soybean. Most areas were rated as marginally suitable (S3) due to fertility constraints and topography. In order to improve land productivity, soil fertility-enhancing practices are recommended.
Analyzing the effects of ICT infrastructure adoption on agricultural output in Nigeria: An error correction model approach
This study examined the effect of adoption of ICT infrastructure on agricultural output in Nigeria. Annual data on fixed telephone subscriptions, mobile phone subscriptions, internet usage, ICT goods import and some essential production variables spanning from 1994 to 2023 were used for the study. The unit root test of stationarity of each variable was obtained using the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) while the existence of long - run and short-run relationship among the variables was established using the Engle and Granger 2-step approach. Based on the ADF results, all the variables were integrated of order one, I(1) and the error term of the long-run regression was stationary at level. Then, we implemented error correction model(ECM) to examine the short-run relationship between agricultural output and the ICT variables under consideration. The overall estimated result showed a significant long-run relationship between agricultural output and mobile phone subscriptions, internet usage, ICT goods import, and short-run significant relationship with only ICT goods import and mobile phone subscriptions. Fixed telephone did not have significant influence on agricultural output both in the short-term and long-term. The study suggests implementation of policies that will improve the existing level of ICT facilities for enhancement of more agricultural output.
Knowledge, management practices and benefits of using black soldier fly larvae in livestock feed among farmers’ cooperative in Oyo state, Nigeria
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae are recognized as an affordable and sustainable alternative protein source for livestock feed due to their high content of crude protein, amino acid profile, and ability to convert organic waste into nutritious organic matter. This study assessed farmers’ knowledge, management practices, and benefits of BSF larvae utilization among selected cooperative societies in Oyo State. 120 respondents from six cooperatives engaged in poultry, piggery, and aquaculture production were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed with descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results indicated that while all respondents were aware of insect larvae as livestock feed, only 48.33% could identify BSF specifically, and 6.67% had reared them. Pit rearing was the predominant method, while both wet and dry larvae were applied depending on livestock type. Farmers perceived BSF larvae as an inexpensive and sustainable protein substitute capable of lowering feed costs, improving profitability, and reducing reliance on soybean meal and fishmeal. The study recommends targeted awareness campaigns, farmer training on mass production techniques, and supportive policies to scale adoption. Promoting BSF larvae use can enhance livestock productivity, foster waste recycling, and advance sustainable agricultural development.
Design, fabrication, and performance analysis of a locally sourced hot-air balloon for high-temperature environments
ABSTRACT This research focuses on addressing the difficulty of manufacturing low-cost aerial platforms in developing regions by fabricating a functional hot-air balloon in Ilorin, Nigeria, with the exclusive use of indigenous materials. The methodology involved the use of polyester and Teru fabrics, developed from a novel Acrylic- Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) sealing method and a locally sourced borax-boric acid fire retardant. Quantitative analysis of the components shows that the treated fabric attained an 80-85% air permeability reduction rate while the burner system achieved a 62% heat target output. The analysis also indicated an underestimated significant buoyancy penalty of over 12% resulting from high ambient temperatures (35°C). In conclusion, this study successfully shows the viability of utilizing local materials for functional aerospace vehicle components, developing a vital methodological framework. Hence, it provides needed performance data for future low-cost designs in high-temperature environments.
Detection of cyclotide peptides from selected medicinal plants as potentials for diabetes management: An ethnopharmacological approach
Cyclotide peptides have been identified with versatile biological activities. Extracts were obtained with the standard method of cyclotide peptide extraction into acetonitrile: water (1:1) with few drops of TFA (Trifloroacetic acid). This study investigated alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory properties of peptide extracts of fifteen plants selected from Nigerian ethnomedicine. In-vitro tests were carried out in triplicate and data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism5 software. The extracts showed varying degree of enzymes inhibitory activities. Crescentia cujete with IC50 of 26.52 ± 0.54 μg/mL for alpha-amylase and 47.50 ± 0.12 μg/mL for alpha-glucosidase had highest inhibitory activities for both enzymes, compared with Acarbose with IC50 of 23.60 ± 0.20 μg/mL and 57.6 ± 0.13 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, respectively. Lophira alata (37.60 ± 0.23 μg/mL), Detarium microcarpum (37.86 ± 0.22 μg/mL), Physalis angulata (44.12 ± 0.40 μg/mL) and Hibiscus tiliaceus (44.51 ± 0.41 μg/mL), also compared favourably with Acarbose for alpha-amylase inhibitory activities. Anchomanes difformis (33.26 ± 0.14), Detarium microcarpum (35.06 ± 0.13), Lophira alata (56.52 ± 0.21), exhibited higher alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities than Acarbose (57.6 ± 0.13 μg/mL). The remaining extracts exhibited moderate to low enzymes inhibitory activities. Peptide extracts of the selected plants showcased potential as promising candidates for the development of anti-hyperglycemic agents.
Selected soil properties as influenced by cropping system and sampling depths in Igboora, Nigeria
ABSTRACT The influence of cropping systems on some selected soil properties was studied at Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria. The cropping systems evaluated included monocropping, intercropping, and uncultivated land as control. Soil samples were collected from each of these cropping systems at two depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) with four replications. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% level of probability. The physico-chemical characteristics of the soil considered were significantly different among various cropping systems and soil sampling depth. The sand fraction of the soils decreased with soil depth while silt and clay fraction increased with soil depth. Except N, all other chemical characteristics of the soil (pH, OC and K) were highest in uncultivated cropping land. The values were 6.51, 1.7 % and 0.33 cmol kg-1 for pH, OC and K, respectively. However, available P was highest (4.93 mg kg-1) in monocropping. In addition, all chemical characteristics (OC, pH, N, P and K) were observed to decrease with soil sampling depth. This study concluded that both cropping systems and sampling depth affects the soil properties in the area.
Comparative effects of poultry manure and NPK top dress with urea on growth and yield of maize
ABSTRACT The study aimed at determining the effects of poultry manure and NPK top dress with urea on the growth and yield of maize. The experiment was conducted using soil collected from a home soil and the Teaching and Research Farm of Kwara State University. The treatments included a Control, NPK, NPK 15-15 -15 RD (100% top dressed N with prilled urea), NPK 15-15 -15 RD (100% top dressed N with granular urea), NPK 15-15 -15 RD (100% top dressed N with neem- coated urea) and Poultry manure 10 t/ha. Treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results show that application of different fertilizers improved soil chemical properties and maize growth and yield in both experimental soils; however, urea fertilizer top- dressed with NPK showed better maize growth than poultry manure. The study demonstrates that application of NPK top-dressed with granular urea and neem-coated urea significantly improved maize growth and kernel weight. This is attributed to the steady release of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, which supports cell division and growth. The effect of NPK top-dressed with nitrogen sources on soil fertility was positive, as it increased soil N, exchangeable K, organic carbon, and clay content after harvest. Keywords: Maize, NPK fertilizer, Poultry manure, Urea
Iron ore prospecting using remote sensing and aeromagnetic data in parts of sheet 224 (Osi), Nigeria
In recent years, the solid mineral sector has emerged as a central focus of Nigeria’s economic diversification agenda, attracting heightened attention from both policymakers and researchers. Iron ore, in particular, is of global economic significance, and its sustainable development has the potential to make substantial contributions to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This research applies an integrated exploration strategy that combines remote sensing with aeromagnetic techniques to investigate iron ore mineralisation in parts of Sheet 224 (Osi), located in southwestern Nigeria. Structural analysis reveals that the most prominent lineament orientations trend NNE–SSW (18.52%), NE–SW (17.28%), and ENE–WSW to NW (16.05%). Aeromagnetic data analysis shows prospective mineralisation zones concentrated in the central and northeastern sectors, while enhanced analytical signal values (0.200–0.398) delineate additional target zones primarily situated in the eastern portion of the study area. Spectral depth estimates distinguish two levels of anomalies: shallow sources ranging from 0.06 m to 0.82 m, and deeper sources between 0.40 m and 1.50 m. These results demonstrate that the integration of aeromagnetic datasets with remote sensing imagery provides a reliable framework for identifying subsurface structures and assessing the distribution of iron ore mineralisation.
Impact of forest tree species composition on carbon sequestration and soil health in Ahmadu Bello university’s botanical garden
Tree species composition strongly influences soil fertility and carbon storage, two critical components of ecosystem functioning. This study assessed the impact of selected forest tree species on soil physical and chemical properties, as well as carbon sequestration potential, within the Ahmadu Bello University Botanical Garden, Zaria. Soil samples were collected at a depths 0-30 cm under eight tree species. Soil parameters analysed included organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, bulk density, and pH. Results revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences among species, with Azadirachta indica showing the highest OC (30.74 g/kg) and CS (11,084.64 kg/ha), while Gmelina arborea had the lowest OC (15.80 g/kg) and CS (6,662.73 kg/ha). Leguminous species such as Albizia lebbeck and Bauhinia monandra improved soil nitrogen content (20.67–17.67 g/kg), supporting their role in biological nitrogen fixation. Cynometra megalophylla showed the highest available phosphorus (50.14 mg/kg), indicating efficient phosphorus recycling through litter input. Soil pH varied significantly across species, with Azadirachta indica maintaining a near-neutral pH (7.64), while Gmelina arborea was more acidic (6.59). The study recommends integrating leguminous trees (e.g., Acacia, Albizia) with non-leguminous hardwoods (e.g., Tectona, Azadirachta) to balance soil fertility improvement with long-term carbon storage.
Combined effect of biochar and castor cake on soil properties and yield of Amaranthus caudatus
ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of combined applications of biochar and castor cake on soil chemical properties, growth, and yield of Amaranthus caudatus. Screenhouse and field experiments were conducted at Kwara State University, Malete, and the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), Idofian, Kwara State. Screenhouse experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, while the field trial followed a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Treatments included different ratios of castor cake and biochar applied at 10 t/ha (30+70%, 40+60%, 50+50%, 60+40%, and 70+30%), NPK fertilizer at 100 kg N/ha, and a control. Results from the screenhouse study showed that combined applications of biochar and castor cake significantly enhanced growth and dry matter yield of amaranths. In the field experiment, the treatment comprising 60% castor cake + 40% biochar increased yield by 79.5% over NPK and 88.8% over the control after the first cropping. Its residual yield (12,094.3 kg/ha) was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of NPK. The 70% castor cake + 30% biochar treatment significantly improved soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Overall, application of 60% castor cake + 40% biochar at 10 t/ha is recommended for improving soil fertility and amaranth production.